Heading the ball may damage the brains of football players, research has shown.
The US study shows evidence of mental impairment caused by repeatedly bouncing a football off the head.
Scientists say the effects suggest "mild traumatic brain injury of the frontal lobes".
They point out that more research is needed to determine whether the changes are long-lasting or temporary. But the findings indicate that increasing amounts of playing time worsen performance.
The study involved a a group of 12 teenage female football players and a matched group of non-players.
Each undertook a simple computer screen task designed to test subtle levels of mental functioning.
Participants had to react to the random appearance of a white square by touching a point on the opposite side of the screen. Performance was measured by timing the speed of the responses.
Before the test, girls who played football were given a practice session during which they headed the ball a number of times.
The study showed that the football players were significantly slower at the task than non-players.
However, both groups performed equally well in another task that involved touching the white square where it appeared. This test involved a more instinctive response with less thinking required.
Footballers risk "mild traumatic brain injury of the frontal lobes"
Factoring in the the number of hours spent playing football each week showed that more games and practice sessions led to slower responses.
Long term mental impairment is known to be a risk in high-contact sports such as boxing, which involve head jarring that can cause loss of consciousness.
But until now it has not been clear whether the much less violent impact of a football on the head could be harmful.
Dr Anne Sereno, from the University of Texas, and colleagues wrote in the online journal Public Library of Science ONE: "These findings suggest that even subconcussive blows in soccer can result in cognitive function changes that are consistent with mild traumatic brain injury of the frontal lobes."
Numbers of hours per week playing football had a significant effect on response time, while the number of years taking part in the sport had a marginal effect.
The researchers added: "Further study is needed to track soccer players for longer periods to evaluate if these changes are transient or longer lasting, if they are dependent upon repeated subconcussive blows, and if they generalise to male soccer players.
"To our knowledge, these results provide the first evidence that even subconcussive blows in soccer could lead to measurable, even if possibly transient, cognitive changes in young soccer players."
In 2002, a coroner ruled Jeff Astle, the former England international famed for his aerial ability, died from dementia brought on by repeatedly heading the ball.
Astle (right) in the air with Wolves' Dave Woodfield
Astle was 59 when he died in January 2002, and once commented heading a football was like heading "a bag of bricks".
Coroner Andrew Haigh said heading the weighty leather footballs in the 60s would have caused brain trauma similarly experienced by boxers.
Dawn Astle, Jeff's daughter, added: "We have always believed that heading the ball caused the brain damage and we wanted justice for dad. The game that he lived for killed him."
Astle was not the first instance of a footballer's illness or death being connected to the effect of laced footballs. Former Tottenham Hotspur captain Danny Blanchflower, who died of Alzheimer's disease in December 1993, was a previous case.