With millions more plunged into the toughest tier 4 Covid restrictions last month, and cases continuing to rise despite the increasingly strict measures, it has felt to some like a matter of time before the UK goes into a third national lockdown.
On Monday Boris Johnson said tougher rules would be imposed, but did not specify what they would be.
His comments came the day after Labour leader Keir Starmer called for a national lockdown “within the next 24 hours”.
What do the current statistics tell us?
The UK is in a dire position in its fight against Covid-19. Amid the ongoing outbreak of a more infectious mutation of the virus, case numbers have rocketed and deaths have returned to levels not seen since the April peak.
Cases
On Sunday, a further 51,437 people tested positive for coronavirus.
People in hospital
On Sunday, Chris Hopson, chief executive of NHS Providers, urged for “appropriate restrictions” as he expressed concern over the number of coronavirus patients admitted to hospital in the past eight days.
“What we’ve seen since Christmas Day, which was just eight days ago, is a very, very rapid rise in the number of patients who are in hospital with Covid-19,” he told Sky News.
“So we had 17,700 patients in hospitals on the 25th of December, we’ve now got 23,500 as of yesterday, so that’s a 5,800 increase. That’s something like 12 extra full hospitals, full of Covid patients, a 33% increase in just eight days.”
Deaths
On Wednesday it was announced that the UK had recorded 981 Covid-19 deaths in the previous 24-hour reporting period, the highest since April 24, when it hit 1,010. Thursday’s figure, 964, was scarcely better.
On Sunday the total number of deaths passed 75,000.
The R rate
The R is currently between 1.1 and 1.3, which means that on average every 10 people infected will infect between 11 and 13 other people.
On top of this, it is still too early to understand the impact the festive period has had on infection rates.
Speaking at the Downing Street press conference on Wednesday evening, deputy chief medical officer Jonathan Van Tam said: “It is a pretty grim and depressing picture. The situation in the UK is precarious and it is almost certainly true that the NHS has not seen the impact of the infections that will have occurred during mixing on Christmas Day, which is also rather sobering.”
Are we in a worse position than we were before the March lockdown?
Back in March, very little was known about the virus. There was no precedent of national lockdowns and the idea of a vaccine seemed a distant dream.
We now have a far greater understanding of what lockdowns can do to a nation – both from an epidemiological viewpoint and an economic one. But with soaring case numbers, an R (reproduction) rate well above 1, and hospitals still struggling to cope, our methods of dealing with an outbreak have changed little over the course of the past nine months.
Cases
Testing capabilities were very different in March. On March 23, when the first lockdown was announced and came into immediate effect, 967 people tested positive for Covid-19, bringing the total to 12,657.
People in hospital
Government data show that, on March 23, 1,271 patients were admitted to hospital with either confirmed Covid-19 or, in Wales’ case, suspected Covid-19. A total 4,861 had been admitted since the pandemic began (but no breakdown is available for previous days).
The first data about patients on mechanically ventilated beds listed on the government’s Covid-19 dashboard are from April 2, at which point 1,813 patients were recorded – still lower than the 1,847 recorded on December 28.
Deaths
Some 165 people had died on March 22 having tested positive for Covid – a daily total that rose extremely extremely quickly over the following weeks to the peak of 1,073 on April 8.
The R rate
There was no official R rate at this point of the pandemic either, as the government only started publishing these figures in June.
What about before the November lockdown?
Cases
There had been 24,405 positive coronavirus tests in the previous 24-hour reporting window – again, half of current levels.
It is important to note that on October 31, 292,573 tests had been carried out in the last day, while on December 30 this figure was 420,492. But that doesn’t get us off the hook: about 8.3% of tests on October 31 were positive, compared with 13% now.
People in hospital
October 31 saw 1,457 admitted to hospital with Covid-19.
It brought the total of in-patients to 12,291 – a little over half the number currently in hospital.
A total of 1,003 patients were in ventilated beds.
Deaths
On October 31, the UK recorded 320 more deaths of people who had recently tested positive for Covid-19. That’s less than a third of the current figure.
The R rate
When Boris Johnson announced the November lockdown on October 31, the nation’s R rate was deemed to be between 1.1 and 1.3, meaning on average that every 10 people infected would infect between 11 and 13 people. That’s the same as it is now.
What do scientists want us to do?
National coronavirus restrictions are needed to prevent a “catastrophe” at the start of 2021, a member of the government’s New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group (Nervtag) warned last week.
Andrew Hayward, professor of infectious diseases epidemiology at University College London, told BBC Radio 4’s Today programme: “I think we are entering a very dangerous new phase of the pandemic and we’re going to need decisive, early, national action to prevent a catastrophe in January and February.
“A 50% increase in transmissibility means that the previous levels of restrictions that worked before won’t work now, and so Tier 4 restrictions are likely to be necessary or even higher than that.
“I think we’re really looking at a situation where we’re moving into near lockdown, but we’ve got to learn the lessons from the first lockdown.”
The Independent Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (Independent Sage) warned on Wednesday that unless the entire country was put under national lockdown there could be tens-of-thousands avoidable deaths.
The Guardian reported quotes from Christina Pagel, professor of operational research at University College London and a member of Independent Sage, who said the situation was as dire as it had ever been.
She told the paper: “The frightening thing is that they are going to continue to get worse.
“Action is needed now to avoid the collapse of the NHS in a few weeks. It is that serious.”
What has the government said about a third lockdown?
On Monday, Boris Johnson said there was “no question” tougher restrictions were needed, and said they would be announced “in due course”.
Matt Hancock also hinted at the potential for a new national lockdown, saying the government is prepared to act “rapidly” where necessary.
The health secretary told ITV’s Good Morning Britain: “We are prepared to take the sort of action (lockdown) if that is what’s necessary.”
Keir Starmer on Sunday called for a national lockdown to be imposed within 24 hours, saying coronavirus “is clearly out of control”.