There has been fierce fingerpointing across various levels of government in Cape Town's water crisis. There have also been accusations of a lack of collaboration between the national government, which is run by the ANC, and the local and provincial governments, that are run by the main opposition party, the DA.
I believe the real problem is the management of South Africa's water, which is affecting the entire country's water system. The Cape Town situation has laid bare the inadequacies in the country's water-management regimes. In fact, Cape Town's misfortune could be a wake-up call for the whole country, given that there are worrying signs of water crises elsewhere. Recent reports point to water shortages in Eastern Cape.
The responsibility for water services is shared across different levels of government in South Africa. The national department of water and sanitation (DWS) has to provide bulk water infrastructure and supply to municipalities. For their part, municipalities are responsible for cleaning the water to potable standards, and delivering it to the people.
But the system hasn't been working very smoothly, and urgent action needs to be taken. The country needs all levels of government – national, provincial, local – to prioritise the issue of water management, to revive a tradition of water expertise within its ranks, and to reinvest in water related skills. And government must embed a culture of people appreciating how precious water is.
A potential crisis
Water specialists have been warning of a possible water crisis for some years, particularly the dangers of a failing water-management system. This has been driven by the fact that the DWS has steadily lost technical skills. On top of this, many engineering positions at national and municipal levels are vacant.
The shortage of skills is compounded by the fact that the DWS is in financial disarray. It received a qualified audit from the auditor general for its 2016/2017 financial year for irregular, fruitless and wasteful expenditure. There has also been evidence of deteriorating finances that affect the management of projects and contracts over the past few months.
Cape Town's misfortune can certainly teach the rest of the country lessons.
Against this backdrop, a recent report by the 2030 Water Resources Group showed that water demand could potentially outpace supply by 2030. Factors driving this deficit include expanding urban populations and economic growth.
Major water-infrastructure projects have been critically delayed, and no alternative solution has been sought to close the water supply-demand gap. For example, the Polihali Dam in Lesotho – which is meant to supply Gauteng, the economic heartland of the country – will now only be able to provide additional water by 2025 in the best-case scenario.
On top of this, existing infrastructure has been neglected because of inadequate budgeting and a shortage of skills at both the local and national levels. Infrastructure hasn't been maintained or repaired.
At the local level, water conservation and demand-management programmes aimed at saving water or using it more efficiently are often absent. Local municipalities can waste up to 36 percent of their bulk water through leaking pipes and water theft. They also rely on wastewater-treatment plants that are in poor or critical condition. This threatens water quality and poses a pollution risk to water sources.
Lessons must be learnt
Cape Town's misfortune can certainly teach the rest of the country lessons. Among these is the fact that a problem can escalate quickly if there isn't adequate planning.
This lack of preparedness raises questions about the adequacy of South Africa's water-planning systems under climate change conditions.
As a semi-arid country and the 30th-driest in the world, South Africa is used to operating and managing its sophisticated water-supply system under drought conditions. It is supposed to do this by planning for future water needs ahead of time, and by swiftly implementing water restrictions to different sectors at the earliest signs of a drought.
But water restrictions are not popular decisions, and politicians are often reluctant to impose them.
As for planning for future water needs, forums exist in which different authorities sharing responsibilities for the provision of drinking water can coordinate their actions. One, in particular – the steering committee of the Western Cape water supply system's reconciliation strategy – pulls together representatives from the national department of water, the local municipalities, provincial government departments and others.
It has met regularly since 2007, discussing the best way to reconcile water supply and demand requirement. But it failed to anticipate the water shortage or convince anyone that water supply needed to be augmented.
This lack of preparedness raises questions about the adequacy of South Africa's water-planning systems under climate-change conditions. And it suggests that the different authorities need to invest in new warning mechanisms and forecasting models, ideally fed with updated hydrological data and realistic water-demand projections and ultimately, a new planning and management approach.
This piece originally featured in The Conversation and can be viewed here. It has been edited for HuffPost readers.