This week marked a particularly grisly anniversary in the annals of crime: it is 50 years since Charles Manson masterminded a two-night killing spree in Los Angeles, carried out by his “cult” of disaffected young followers.
A career conman who had already spent more than half his life in prison by the age of 32, Manson had come to be regarded as a Christ-like figure by his devotees.
Reinventing himself as a hippie leader and using a combination of drugs and charisma to inspire his followers, members of his so-called “family” arrived at the Hollywood Hills home of Sharon Tate on August 8 1969, where they stabbed, beat and shot to death the young actress and her friends – celebrity hairstylist Jay Sebring, coffee heiress Abigail Folger and aspiring screenwriter Wojciech Frykowski.
As they made their way to the house, they encountered a teenager, Steven Parent, who had been visiting an acquaintance at the estate’s guesthouse, and shot him to death.
The next night, Manson led a handful of followers to the home of wealthy grocer Leno LaBianca and his wife, Rosemary. Manson tied up the couple and left the others to kill them.
Before leaving the scene, the killers carved “WAR” on Leno’s abdomen and used his blood to write “Rise” and “Death to pigs” on the walls. The words “Healter Skelter” – misspelled – were smeared onto the fridge.
Manson and his followers killed two others, musician Gary Hinman and Hollywood stuntman Donald “Shorty” Shea, in separate, unrelated attacks.
The killers
Charles Manson
Manson was a petty criminal who had been in and out of jail since childhood when he reinvented himself in the late 1960s as a guru-philosopher who targeted teenage runaways and other lost souls – particularly attractive young women.
He sent them out to butcher Los Angeles’s rich and famous in what prosecutors said was a bid to trigger a race war, an idea they say he got from a twisted reading of the Beatles’ song, Helter Skelter.
Decades after his conviction, Manson would continue to taunt prosecutors, parole agents and others, sometimes denying any role in the killings and other times boasting of them. In 2012 he told a parole hearing: “I have put five people in the grave. I am a very dangerous man.”
He died in 2017 aged 83, after spending nearly 50 years in prison. His ashes were claimed by his grandson Jason Freeman, who announced he planned to spread them in the “free air.”
Susan Atkins
Atkins, convicted of the Tate, LaBianca and Hinman murders, was a teenage runaway working as a topless dancer in a San Francisco bar when she met Manson in 1967.
The Tate-La Bianca murders went unsolved for months until Atkins, in jail on unrelated charges, boasted to a cellmate of her involvement.
At trial, she gave evidence she was “stoned on acid” and did not know how many times she stabbed Tate as the actress begged for her life.
Atkins, who became a born-again Christian in prison and denounced Manson, tearfully recounted that confrontation during a parole hearing years later.
She died in prison of cancer in 2009. She was 61.
Leslie Van Houten
The former high school cheerleader and homecoming princess saw her life spiral out of control at 14 following her parents’ divorce.
She turned to drugs and became pregnant, but claimed her mother forced her to abort the foetus and bury it in the family’s backyard.
Van Houten met Manson at an old movie ranch on the outskirts of Los Angeles where he had established his so-called “family” of followers.
She did not take part in the Tate killings but accompanied Manson and others to the LaBianca home the next night.
She held down Rosemary LaBianca with a pillowcase over her head as others stabbed LaBianca dozens of times.
Then, ordered by Manson follower Charles “Tex” Watson to “do something”, she said she picked up a knife and stabbed the woman more than a dozen times.
Van Houten, 69, has earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in counselling while in prison and leads several prison programmes to help rehabilitate fellow inmates.
She has been recommended for parole three times, but former governor Jerry Brown blocked her release each time.
Patricia Krenwinkel
Krenwinkel was a 19-year-old secretary when she met Manson at a party.
She left everything behind three days later to follow him, believing they had a budding romantic relationship.
After he became abusive and bartered her for sex, she said she twice tried to leave him but followers brought her back, kept a close watch on her and kept her high on drugs.
She gave evidence at a 2016 parole hearing that she repeatedly stabbed Folger, then stabbed Leno LaBianca in the abdomen the following night and wrote Helter Skelter, Rise and Death to Pigs on the walls with his blood.
Krenwinkel, 71, remains in prison.
Charles “Tex” Watson
Watson was a college dropout from Texas when he arrived in California in 1967 seeking “satisfaction through drugs, sex and rock ‘n’ roll,” as he explains on his website.
He recalled meeting Manson at the house of Beach Boys drummer Dennis Wilson after seeing Wilson hitchhiking and giving him a ride home.
Watson, 73, led the killers to the Tate estate, shot Parent as he was attempting to leave and took part in the killings that night and the next at the LaBianca home.
He became a born-again Christian in prison and formed a prison ministry in 1980 that he continues to lead. Watson, who has authored or co-authored several books while in prison, maintains he has changed and is no longer a danger to anyone. He has repeatedly been denied parole.
The Victims
Sharon Tate
Tate, 26, was a model and rising film star after her breakout role in the 1966 film Valley Of The Dolls.
She was eight-and-a-half months pregnant when she was attacked, and she pleaded with her killers to spare her unborn son.
Tate’s mother, Doris, became an advocate for victims’ rights in California and was instrumental in a 1982 law that allows family members to give evidence about their losses at trials and parole hearings.
Her younger sister, Debra, also dedicated her life to victims’ rights and has testified at countless parole hearings for the killers, demanding they never be released.
Tate’s husband, director Roman Polanski, was out of the country the night of the killings and has said it took him years to recover from the grief of losing his wife and baby.
Jay Sebring
Sebring, a hairdresser to Hollywood’s stars, was Tate’s former boyfriend and also begged the killers to spare her unborn child.
He was shot, kicked in the face and stabbed multiple times.
Sebring had transformed the male haircare industry after graduating from beauty school in Los Angeles, and his clients included Warren Beatty, Steve McQueen, Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr.
He founded Sebring International in 1967 to market hair products and to franchise his salons internationally.
Wojciech Frykowski and Abigail Folger
The couple had dined with Tate and Sebring earlier that night.
The 32-year-old Frykowski was a friend of Polanski’s from Poland and an aspiring screenwriter. A post mortem found he was stabbed more than 50 times and shot twice.
His 25-year-old girlfriend was the heir to the Folger coffee fortune. She managed to escape the house but was tackled on the front lawn and stabbed 28 times.
Steven Parent
A recent high school graduate planning to attend college in the autumn, Parent had dropped by a guest house on the property to visit the estate’s 19-year-old caretaker, a casual acquaintance named William Garretson.
He was leaving the property when Watson confronted him at the front gate and shot him to death.
Garretson, who was briefly taken into custody, returned to his native Ohio soon after the killings.
Except for his evidence during the murder trial, he rarely spoke publicly about that night. He died of cancer in 2016.
Leno and Rosemary LaBianca
The couple, who owned a chain of Los Angeles grocery stores, had no connection to Sharon Tate or her glamorous friends.
Their home was chosen at random by Manson, who tied them up and then, before leaving, ordered his followers to kill them. Among the weapons used was a chrome-plated bayonet.
The prosecutors
Vincent Bugliosi
Bugliosi was an ambitious but anonymous deputy district attorney when he was handed the Manson family murder trial after a more experienced prosecutor was removed for mocking one of the defendants to reporters.
Bugliosi denounced Manson as the “dictatorial maharajah of a tribe of bootlicking slaves”, calling Manson’s followers “robots” and “zombies.”
After their convictions, he recounted the case in Helter Skelter, one of history’s best-selling true-crime books.
Bugliosi, who left the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s office in 1972, went on to write 11 more books. He was 80 when he died of cancer in 2015.
Stephen Kay
Kay was a 27-year-old deputy district attorney when he joined the prosecution team two months into the trial.
He also joined Bugliosi as co-lead prosecutor during a trial of Tex Watson, who was tried separately after fighting extradition to California from Texas for nine months.
Kay later successfully prosecuted Van Houten after she won a retrial.
In subsequent years Kay attended some 60 parole hearings to argue that the killers should never be released from prison. He’s now 76.
Other prominent players
Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme
A Manson family member who was not implicated in the Tate-LaBianca murders, was sentenced to prison for pointing a handgun at President Gerald Ford in 1975.
Since her release in 2009, she has lived quietly in upstate New York.
Linda Kasabian
The trial’s key witness, was granted immunity from prosecution. She had accompanied the killers to the Tate house but was posted outside as a lookout, a position from which she said she saw some of the killings.
The next night she remained in a car outside the LaBianca house as Manson tied up the victims, then left with him as the others stayed to kill them.
The 20-year-old moved in with the “family” a few weeks before the killings and fled immediately after. She turned herself in to authorities after the others were arrested.
Kasabian later changed her name and has for the most part lived out of sight for the past 50 years.
Bruce Davis
Davis was convicted of taking part in the Hinman and Shea murders but was not involved in the Tate-LaBianca killings.
He gave evidence at his 2014 parole hearing that he attacked Shea with a knife and held a gun on Hinman while Manson cut Hinman’s face with a sword.
“I wanted to be Charlie’s favourite guy,” he said. Parole panels have repeatedly recommended his release, but the governor has blocked it.
Steve “Clem” Grogan
Once a ranch hand at the old movie ranch where Manson had located his followers, Grogan was sentenced to life in prison for taking part in Shea’s murder.
In 1977 he told authorities where Shea’s body was buried.
Grogan was paroled in 1985 and lives in Northern California.